DTC P0A81-11: Hybrid/EV Battery Cooling Fan 1 Circuit Short to Ground; DTC P0A81-4B: Hybrid/EV Battery Cooling Fan 1 Over Temperature [11/2022 - ]: Procedure
- CHECK DTC OUTPUT (HV BATTERY, HYBRID CONTROL)
- Check for DTCs.
Powertrain > HV Battery > Trouble Codes
Powertrain > Hybrid Control > Trouble Codes
Result
Result Proceed to P0A81-11 or P0A81-4B only is output, or DTCs except the ones in the table below are also output. A DTCs of hybrid battery system in the table below are output. B DTCs of hybrid control system in the table below are output. C System Relevant DTC Hybrid battery system P060A-47 Hybrid/EV Battery Energy Control Module Monitoring Processor Watchdog / Safety MCU Failure P060B-49 Hybrid/EV Battery Energy Control Module A/D Processing Internal Electronic Failure P0606-87 Hybrid/EV Battery Energy Control Module Processor to Monitoring Processor Missing Message Hybrid control system P0A1F-94 Hybrid/EV Battery Energy Control Module Unexpected Operation - Turn the ignition switch off.
Result:
B
GO TO DTC CHART (HYBRID BATTERY SYSTEM). Refer to DIAGNOSTIC TROUBLE CODE CHART [11/2022 - ]
Result:
C
GO TO DTC CHART (HYBRID CONTROL SYSTEM)
Refer to DIAGNOSTIC TROUBLE CODE CHART [11/2022 - 12/2024] , or refer to DIAGNOSTIC TROUBLE CODE CHART [12/2024 - ]
Result:
A
See step 2
- Check for DTCs.
- PERFORM ACTIVE TEST USING GTS (CONTROL THE HYBRID/EV BATTERY COOLING FAN)
- Clear the DTCs and freeze frame data.
Powertrain > HV Battery > Clear DTCs
- Select fan mode 6 in the "Control the Hybrid/EV Battery Cooling Fan" Active Test to operate the battery cooling blower assembly.
Powertrain > HV Battery > Active Test
Tester Display Control the Hybrid/EV Battery Cooling Fan NOTE:If the Active Test cannot be performed, skip it and proceed to the next step to check if the fan operates and air is sucked. In accordance with fail-safe system operation, the battery ECU assembly sends a command to operate the battery cooling blower assembly.
- Check that the battery cooling blower assembly operates, air is sucked into the inlet duct and the operation sound is normal.
HINT:
The battery cooling blower assembly may not stop even when turning the cooling fan off in the "Control the Hybrid/EV Battery Cooling Fan" Active Test. This is due to HV system control and is not a malfunction.
OK
The battery cooling blower assembly operates.
- Turn the ignition switch off.
Result
Proceed to OK NG
Result:
NG
See step 7
Result:
OK
See step 3
- Clear the DTCs and freeze frame data.
- CHECK HARNESS AND CONNECTOR (BATTERY ECU ASSEMBLY - BATTERY COOLING BLOWER ASSEMBLY) WARNING:
Be sure to wear insulated gloves and protective goggles.
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.NOTE:
After removing the service plug grip, do not turn the ignition switch to ON (READY), unless instructed by the appropriate servce information because this may cause a malfunction.
- Disconnect the battery ECU assembly connector.NOTE:
Before disconnecting the connector, check that it is not loose or disconnected.
- Disconnect the battery cooling blower assembly connector.NOTE:
Before disconnecting the connector, check that it is not loose or disconnected.
- Measure the resistance according to the value(s) in the table below.
Standard Resistance
Tester Connection Condition Specified Condition O213-4 (FP0) - O211-13 (FP0) Ignition switch off Below 1 Ω O213-4 (FP0) or O211-13 (FP0) - Body ground and other terminals Ignition switch off 10 kΩ or higher - Connect the cable to the negative (-) auxiliary battery terminal.
- Turn the ignition switch to ON.
- Measure the voltage according to the value(s) in the table below.
Standard Voltage
Tester Connection Condition Specified Condition O213-4 (FP0) or O211-13 (FP0) - Body ground Ignition switch ON Below 1 V NOTE:- Turning the ignition switch to ON with the service plug grip removed causes other DTCs to be stored. Clear the DTCs after performing this inspection.
- If the ignition switch is turned to ON with the connectors disconnected, other DTCs will be stored. Be sure to clear the DTCs after the inspection.
HINT:
As there might be an intermittent malfunction, inspect the following items even if the measured voltage is as specified.
Check the condition of each wire harness and each connector between the battery ECU assembly connector and battery cooling blower assembly.
- Turn the ignition switch off.
- Disconnect the cable from the negative (-) auxiliary battery terminal.
- Reconnect the battery cooling blower assembly connector.
- Reconnect the battery ECU assembly connector.
Result
Proceed to OK NG
Result:
NG
REPAIR OR REPLACE HARNESS OR CONNECTOR
Result:
OK
See step 4
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.
- READ VALUE USING GTS (HYBRID/EV BATTERY COOLING FAN 1 FREQUENCY) WARNING:
Be sure to wear insulated gloves and protective goggles.
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.NOTE:
After removing the service plug grip, do not turn the ignition switch to ON (READY), unless instructed by the appropriate servce information because this may cause a malfunction.
- Connect the cable to the negative (-) auxiliary battery terminal.
- Clear the DTCs and freeze frame data.
Powertrain > HV Battery > Clear DTCs
- Select each fan mode 1 to 6 in the "Control the Hybrid/EV Battery Cooling Fan" Active Test to operate the battery cooling blower assembly.
Powertrain > HV Battery > Active Test
Active Test Display Control the Hybrid/EV Battery Cooling Fan Data List Display Hybrid/EV Battery Cooling Fan 1 Frequency NOTE:If the Active Test cannot turn off the battery cooling blower assembly, skip it and proceed to the next step to check the frequency value. In accordance with fail-safe system operation, the battery ECU assembly sends a command to operate the battery cooling fan assembly.
- While the cooling fan is operating, compare the value in the Data List (Hybrid/EV Battery Cooling Fan 1 Frequency) with the frequency value that was actually measured at the battery ECU assembly connector.
Specified Condition
Tester Connection Condition O213-4 (FP0) - O213-5 (GND0) Battery cooling blower assembly operating (Active Test of cooling fan being performed) NOTE:Turning the ignition switch to ON with the service plug grip removed causes other DTCs to be stored. Clear the DTCs after performing this inspection.
Result
Result Proceed to Both of the value in the Data List (Hybrid/EV Battery Cooling Fan 1 Frequency) and the actual measured value at the battery ECU assembly connector are 0 Hz. A Other than above B - Turn the ignition switch off.
- Disconnect the cable from the negative (-) auxiliary battery terminal.
Result:
B
See step 6
Result:
A
See step 5
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.
- CHECK BATTERY ECU ASSEMBLY WARNING:
Be sure to wear insulated gloves.
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.NOTE:
After removing the service plug grip, do not turn the ignition switch to ON (READY), unless instructed by the appropriate servce information because this may cause a malfunction.
- Disconnect the battery cooling blower assembly connector.NOTE:
Before disconnecting the connector, check that it is not loose or disconnected.
- Connect the cable to the negative (-) auxiliary battery terminal.
- Turn the ignition switch to ON.
- Measure the voltage according to the value(s) in the table below.
Standard Voltage
Tester Connection Condition Specified Condition O213-4 (FP0) - O213-5 (GND0) Ignition switch ON 4.5 to 5.5 V NOTE:- Turning the ignition switch to ON with the service plug grip removed causes other DTCs to be stored. Clear the DTCs after performing this inspection.
- If the ignition switch is turned to ON with the connectors disconnected, other DTCs will be stored. Be sure to clear the DTCs after the inspection.
- Turn the ignition switch off.
- Disconnect the cable from the negative (-) auxiliary battery terminal.
- Reconnect the battery cooling blower assembly connector.
Result
Proceed to OK NG
Result:
OK
REPLACE BATTERY COOLING BLOWER ASSEMBLY
Refer to REMOVAL [11/2022 - ]
Result:
NG
REPLACE BATTERY ECU ASSEMBLY
Refer to REMOVAL [11/2022 - ]
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.
- CHECK BATTERY ECU ASSEMBLY (FREQUENCY) WARNING:
Be sure to wear insulated gloves and protective goggles.
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.NOTE:
After removing the service plug grip, do not turn the ignition switch to ON (READY), unless instructed by the appropriate servce information because this may cause a malfunction.
- Connect the cable to the negative (-) auxiliary battery terminal.
- Clear the DTCs and freeze frame data.
Powertrain > HV Battery > Clear DTCs
- Select each fan mode 1 to 6 in the "Control the Hybrid/EV Battery Cooling Fan" Active Test to operate the battery cooling blower assembly.
Powertrain > HV Battery > Active Test
Active Test Display Control the Hybrid/EV Battery Cooling Fan Data List Display Hybrid/EV Battery Cooling Fan 1 Frequency NOTE:If the Active Test cannot turn off the battery cooling blower assembly, skip it and proceed to the next step to check the frequency value. In accordance with fail-safe system operation, the battery ECU assembly sends a command to operate the battery cooling blower assembly.
- While the cooling fan is operating, compare the value in the Data List (Hybrid/EV Battery Cooling Fan 1 Frequency) with the frequency value that was actually measured at the battery ECU assembly connector.
Specified Condition
Tester Connection Condition Specified Condition O213-4 (FP0) - O213-5 (GND0) Battery cooling blower assembly operating (Active Test of cooling fan being performed) Difference between the value in the Data List (Hybrid/EV Battery Cooling Fan 1 Frequency) and the actual measured value at the battery ECU assembly connector is 10% or less. NOTE:Turning the ignition switch to ON with the service plug grip removed causes other DTCs to be stored. Clear the DTCs after performing this inspection.
HINT:
Compare the values in each fan mode 1 to 6. If the Active Test cannot be performed, compare the values only in the current fan mode.
*a Component with harness connected
(Battery Cooling Blower Assembly) - Turn the ignition switch off.
- Disconnect the cable from the negative (-) auxiliary battery terminal.
Result
Proceed to OK NG
Result:
OK
REPLACE BATTERY COOLING BLOWER ASSEMBLY
Refer to REMOVAL [11/2022 - ]
Result:
NG
REPLACE BATTERY ECU ASSEMBLY
Refer to REMOVAL [11/2022 - ]
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.
- CHECK FUSE (BATT FAN)
- Remove the BATT FAN fuse from the No. 1 engine room relay block and No. 1 junction block assembly.
- Measure the resistance of the BATT FAN fuse.
Standard Resistance
Tester Connection Condition Specified Condition BATT FAN fuse Ignition switch off Below 1 Ω - Install the BATT FAN fuse.
Result
Proceed to OK NG
Result:
NG
See step 16
Result:
OK
See step 8
- CHECK HARNESS AND CONNECTOR (IGCT-MAIN NO. 2 RELAY - BATTERY COOLING BLOWER ASSEMBLY) (VOLTAGE) WARNING:
Be sure to wear insulated gloves.
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.NOTE:
After removing the service plug grip, do not turn the ignition switch to ON (READY), unless instructed by the appropriate servce information because this may cause a malfunction.
- Disconnect the battery cooling blower assembly connector.NOTE:
Before disconnecting the connector, check that it is not loose or disconnected.
- Connect the cable to the negative (-) auxiliary battery terminal.
- Clear the DTCs and freeze frame data.
Powertrain > Hybrid Control > Clear DTCs
- Measure the voltage according to the value(s) in the table below.
Standard Voltage
Tester Connection Condition Specified Condition O213-1 (IG0) - O213-5 (GND0) Ignition switch ON 11 to 14 V NOTE:- Turning the ignition switch to ON with the service plug grip removed causes other DTCs to be stored. Clear the DTCs after performing this inspection.
- If the ignition switch is turned to ON with the connectors disconnected, other DTCs will be stored. Be sure to clear the DTCs after the inspection.
HINT:
As there might be an intermittent malfunction, inspect the following items even if the measured voltage is as specified.
- Installation condition of fuse(s) (before removing fuse(s)) (IG circuit)
- Fuse condition (before and after removing fuse(s)) (IG circuit)
- Connection condition of connectors (IG circuit)
- Wire harness condition (IG circuit)
- Wire harness condition (GND circuit)
- Turn the ignition switch off.
- Disconnect the cable from the negative (-) auxiliary battery terminal.
- Reconnect the battery cooling blower assembly connector.
Result
Proceed to OK NG
Result:
NG
See step 13
Result:
OK
See step 9
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.
- CHECK HARNESS AND CONNECTOR (BATTERY ECU ASSEMBLY - BATTERY COOLING BLOWER ASSEMBLY) WARNING:
Be sure to wear insulated gloves.
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.NOTE:
After removing the service plug grip, do not turn the ignition switch to ON (READY), unless instructed by the appropriate servce information because this may cause a malfunction.
- Disconnect the battery ECU assembly connector.NOTE:
- Before disconnecting the connector, check that it is not loose or disconnected.
- Check that each connector between the battery ECU assembly and battery cooling blower assembly is not loose or disconnected.
- Disconnect the battery cooling blower assembly connector.NOTE:
- Before disconnecting the connector, check that it is not loose or disconnected.
- Check the terminals of the connector for deformation and corrosion.
- Measure the resistance according to the value(s) in the table below.
Standard Resistance
Tester Connection Condition Specified Condition O211-14 (SI0) - O213-2 (SI0) Ignition switch off Below 1 Ω O211-14 (SI0) or O213-2 (SI0) - Body ground and other terminals Ignition switch off 10 kΩ or higher NOTE:Make sure that each connector between the battery ECU assembly and battery cooling blower assembly is not loose or disconnected and its terminals are not deformed or corroded.
- Connect the cable to the negative (-) auxiliary battery terminal.
- Turn the ignition switch to ON.
- Measure the voltage according to the value(s) in the table below.
Standard Voltage
Tester Connection Condition Specified Condition O211-14 (SI0) or O213-2 (SI0) - Body ground Ignition switch ON Below 1 V NOTE:- Turning the ignition switch to ON with the service plug grip removed causes other DTCs to be stored. Clear the DTCs after performing this inspection.
- If the ignition switch is turned to ON with the connectors disconnected, other DTCs will be stored. Be sure to clear the DTCs after the inspection.
HINT:
As there might be an intermittent malfunction, inspect the following items even if the measured voltage is as specified.
Check the condition of each wire harness and each connector between the battery ECU assembly connector and battery cooling blower assembly.
- Turn the ignition switch off.
- Disconnect the cable from the negative (-) auxiliary battery terminal.
- Reconnect the battery cooling blower assembly connector.
- Reconnect the battery ECU assembly connector.
Result
Proceed to OK NG
Result:
NG
REPAIR OR REPLACE HARNESS OR CONNECTOR
Result:
OK
See step 10
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.
- CHECK BATTERY ECU ASSEMBLY
- Remove the battery ECU assembly.
Refer to REMOVAL [11/2022 - ]
- Measure the resistance according to the value(s) in the table below.
*a Component without harness connected
(Battery ECU Assembly)Standard Resistance
Tester Connection Condition Specified Condition O211-14 (SI0) - O211-10 (GND) Ignition switch off 10 kΩ or higher - Install the battery ECU assembly.
Result
Proceed to OK NG
Result:
NG
REPLACE BATTERY ECU ASSEMBLY
Refer to REMOVAL [11/2022 - ]
Result:
OK
See step 11
- Remove the battery ECU assembly.
- CHECK BATTERY ECU ASSEMBLY (SI0 VOLTAGE) WARNING:
Be sure to wear insulated gloves and protective goggles.
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.NOTE:
After removing the service plug grip, do not turn the ignition switch to ON (READY), unless instructed by the appropriate servce information because this may cause a malfunction.
- Connect the cable to the negative (-) auxiliary battery terminal.
- Turn the ignition switch to ON.
- Measure the voltage according to the value(s) in the table below.
Standard Voltage
Tester Connection Condition Specified Condition O213-2 (SI0) - O213-5 (GND0) Ignition switch ON 4.5 to 5.5 V *a Component with harness connected
(Battery Cooling Blower Assembly)NOTE:Turning the ignition switch to ON with the service plug grip removed causes other DTCs to be stored. Clear the DTCs after performing this inspection.
- Turn the ignition switch off.
- Disconnect the cable from the negative (-) auxiliary battery terminal.
Result
Proceed to OK NG
Result:
NG
REPLACE BATTERY COOLING BLOWER ASSEMBLY
Refer to REMOVAL [11/2022 - ]
Result:
OK
See step 12
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.
- CHECK BATTERY COOLING BLOWER ASSEMBLY WARNING:
Be sure to wear insulated gloves and protective goggles.
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.NOTE:
After removing the service plug grip, do not turn the ignition switch to ON (READY), unless instructed by the appropriate servce information because this may cause a malfunction.
- Connect the cable to the negative (-) auxiliary battery terminal.
- Clear the DTCs and freeze frame data.
Powertrain > HV Battery > Clear DTCs
- Select each fan mode (1 to 6) in the "Control the Hybrid/EV Battery Cooling Fan" Active Test to operate the battery cooling blower assembly.
Powertrain > HV Battery > Active Test
Tester Display Control the Hybrid/EV Battery Cooling Fan NOTE:If the Active Test cannot turn off the battery cooling blower assembly, skip it and proceed to the next step to check the waveform. In accordance with fail-safe system operation, the battery ECU assembly sends a command to operate the battery cooling blower assembly.
- Connect an oscilloscope to the battery ECU assembly connector and check the waveform.
Item Content Tester Connection O213-2 (SI0) - O213-5 (GND0) Equipment Setting 10 V/DIV., 1 ms./DIV. Condition Battery cooling blower assembly operating (Active Test of cooling fan being performed) NOTE:Turning the ignition switch to ON with the service plug grip removed causes other DTCs to be stored. Clear the DTCs after performing this inspection.
HINT:
- Perform this inspection with the battery ECU assembly connector connected.
- The wave length will vary with the operating speed of the battery cooling blower assembly.
*a Component with harness connected
(Battery Cooling Blower Assembly)*a Waveform 1 Result
Result Proceed to Normal (The pulse output of waveform 1) A No pulse generation B - Turn the ignition switch off.
- Disconnect the cable from the negative (-) auxiliary battery terminal.
Result:
A
REPLACE BATTERY COOLING BLOWER ASSEMBLY
Refer to REMOVAL [11/2022 - ]
Result:
B
REPLACE BATTERY ECU ASSEMBLY
Refer to REMOVAL [11/2022 - ]
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.
- CHECK HARNESS AND CONNECTOR (BATTERY COOLING BLOWER ASSEMBLY - BODY GROUND) WARNING:
Be sure to wear insulated gloves.
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.NOTE:
After removing the service plug grip, do not turn the ignition switch to ON (READY), unless instructed by the appropriate servce information because this may cause a malfunction.
- Disconnect the battery cooling blower assembly connector.NOTE:
Before disconnecting the connector, check that it is not loose or disconnected.
- Measure the resistance according to the value(s) in the table below.
Standard Resistance
Tester Connection Condition Specified Condition O213-5 (GND0) - Body ground Ignition switch off Below 1 Ω - Connect the battery cooling blower assembly connector.
Result
Proceed to OK NG
Result:
NG
REPAIR OR REPLACE HARNESS OR CONNECTOR
Result:
OK
See step 14
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.
- CHECK HARNESS AND CONNECTOR (BATTERY ECU ASSEMBLY - BODY GROUND) WARNING:
Be sure to wear insulated gloves and protective goggles.
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.NOTE:
After removing the service plug grip, do not turn the ignition switch to ON (READY), unless instructed by the appropriate servce information because this may cause a malfunction.
- Disconnect the battery ECU assembly connector.NOTE:
Before disconnecting the connector, check that it is not loose or disconnected.
- Measure the resistance according to the value(s) in the table below.
Standard Resistance
Tester Connection Condition Specified Condition O211-10 (GND) - Body ground Ignition switch off Below 1 Ω - Reconnect the battery ECU assembly connector.
Result
Proceed to OK NG
Result:
NG
REPAIR OR REPLACE HARNESS OR CONNECTOR
Result:
OK
See step 15
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.
- CHECK HARNESS AND CONNECTOR (IGCT-MAIN NO. 2 RELAY - BATTERY COOLING BLOWER ASSEMBLY) WARNING:
Be sure to wear insulated gloves.
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.NOTE:
After removing the service plug grip, do not turn the ignition switch to ON (READY), unless instructed by the appropriate servce information because this may cause a malfunction.
- Remove the IGCT-MAIN NO. 2 relay from the No. 1 engine room relay block and No. 1 junction block assembly.NOTE:
Check the terminals of the relay for deformation and corrosion.
- Disconnect the battery cooling blower assembly connector.NOTE:
- Check that each connector between the IGCT-MAIN NO. 2 relay and battery cooling blower assembly is not loose or disconnected.
- Before disconnecting the connector, check that it is not loose or disconnected.
- Measure the resistance according to the value(s) in the table below.
Standard Resistance
Tester Connection Condition Specified Condition 5 (IGCT-MAIN NO. 2 relay holder) - O213-1 (IG0) Ignition switch off Below 1 Ω NOTE:- When taking a measurement with a tester, do not apply excessive force to the tester probe to avoid damaging the holder.
- Check that each connector between the IGCT-MAIN NO. 2 relay and battery cooling blower assembly is not loose or disconnected.
- Reconnect the battery cooling blower assembly connector.
- Install the IGCT-MAIN NO. 2 relay.
Result
Proceed to OK NG
Result:
OK
REPLACE BATTERY ECU ASSEMBLY
Refer to REMOVAL [11/2022 - ]
Result:
NG
REPAIR OR REPLACE HARNESS OR CONNECTOR
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.
- CHECK HARNESS AND CONNECTOR (BATT FAN FUSE - BATTERY COOLING BLOWER ASSEMBLY) WARNING:
Be sure to wear insulated gloves.
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.NOTE:
After removing the service plug grip, do not turn the ignition switch to ON (READY), unless instructed by the appropriate servce information because this may cause a malfunction.
- Remove the BATT FAN fuse from the No. 1 engine room relay block and No. 1 junction block assembly.
- Disconnect the battery cooling blower assembly connector.NOTE:
Before disconnecting the connector, check that it is not loose or disconnected.
- Measure the resistance according to the value(s) in the table below.
Standard Resistance
Tester Connection Condition Specified Condition O213-1 (IG0) - Terminals other than 2 (BATT FAN fuse holder) and body ground Ignition switch off 10 kΩ or higher NOTE:When taking a measurement with a tester, do not apply excessive force to the tester probe to avoid damaging the holder.
- Reconnect the battery cooling blower assembly connector.
- Install the BATT FAN fuse.
Result
Proceed to OK NG
Result:
NG
See step 19
Result:
OK
See step 17
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.
- CHECK BATTERY COOLING BLOWER ASSEMBLY WARNING:
Be sure to wear insulated gloves.
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.NOTE:
After removing the service plug grip, do not turn the ignition switch to ON (READY), unless instructed by the appropriate servce information because this may cause a malfunction.
- Disconnect the battery cooling blower assembly connector.NOTE:
Before disconnecting the connector, check that it is not loose or disconnected.
- Measure the resistance according to the value(s) in the table below.
Standard Resistance
Tester Connection Condition Specified Condition O213-1 (IG0) - O213-5 (GND0) and Body ground Ignition switch off 10 kΩ or higher *a Component without harness connected
(Battery Cooling Blower Assembly)NOTE:When taking a measurement with a tester, do not apply excessive force to the tester probe to avoid damaging the holder.
- Reconnect the battery cooling blower assembly connector.
Result
Proceed to OK NG
Result:
OK
REPLACE FUSE (BATT FAN)
Result:
NG
See step 18
- Check that the service plug grip is not installed.
- REPLACE BATTERY COOLING BLOWER ASSEMBLY
Refer to REMOVAL [11/2022 - ]
Result
Proceed to NEXT Result:
NEXT
REPLACE FUSE (BATT FAN)
- REPAIR OR REPLACE HARNESS OR CONNECTOR
Result
Proceed to NEXT Result:
NEXT
REPLACE FUSE (BATT FAN)