Model equations for individual cylinder λ deviation (u (k))
WARNING: This page is about a different variant/trim than selected.
"u (k-1)": Estimated individual cylinder λ deviation is calculated by the following model.
a1~4, b1~4: Model parameters calibrated by primary oxygen sensor output λ and 'measured' individual cylinder λ.
(These parameters are calibrated and fixed prior to production. However these models are calculating the predicted λ of each cylinder during real world driving.)