| A |
Camshaft torque |
| B |
Camshaft rotation (degrees) |
| C |
Valve opening |
| D |
Peak lift |
| E |
Valve closing |
| 1 |
1000 rev/min |
| 2 |
4000 rev/min |
| 3 |
7000 rev/min |
| 4 |
Inertia effects from valve train rotating components |
| 5 |
Force caused by valve spring |
| 6 |
Bias torque from friction |