Theory Of Operation
WARNING: This page is about a different car, the 2013 RAM 1500. However, it is still accessible from the selected car via links, so may be relevant.
The Transmission Control Module (TCM) constantly calculates the transmission ratio based on the Input Speed Sensor (ISS) and Output Shaft Speed (OSS). The intent of this diagnostic is to detect if the transmission is trying to mechanically shift into a different gear than which the TCM commanded.