Fuel Pulsation Damper
WARNING: This page is about a different car, the 2006 GMC Yukon XL, 2006 Chevrolet Suburban, and 2006 Chevrolet Avalanche. However, it is still accessible from the selected car via links, so may be relevant.
The rapid opening and closing of the fuel injectors cause pressure fluctuation in the fuel rail. The result is that the amount of injected fuel will be more or less than the desired amount. Mounted on the fuel rail, the pulsation damper reduces these pressure fluctuations. When pressure suddenly begins top drop, the spring-loaded diaphragm extends slightly, decreasing fuel rail volume. This will momentarily prevent fuel pressure from becoming too low.